Excitatory effects of CRF on colonic motoneurons may contribute to stress-related increases in colonic motility and symptoms of IBS (Pavcovich et al., 1998; Valentino et al., 1999); however, in vivo cystometry studies have suggested both excitatory and inhibitory effects of CRF on micturition by evaluating the effects of CRF and CRF antagonists administered systemically or intrathecally (Klausner and Steers, 2004; Klausner et al., 2005; Kiddoo et al., 2006). This evidence concerns the gene CRH and irritable bowel syndrome.