Moreover, the present study extends the knowledge about the systemic immunomodulatory effects of MSC in myocarditis, showing that MSC abrogate the expression of NOD2, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β production in macrophages (F4/80), NK cells (CD49b) and DCs (CD11c) of CVB3-infected mice. Here, IL1B is linked to myocarditis.