TGFB1 and diabetic kidney disease: We have shown in this study TRAM34 normalized the expression of TGF-β1 and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in the mice kidneys with diabetic nephropathy (Figs 7 and 8), which indicates TRAM34 repaired diabetic kidney damage partially through inhibiting the TGF-β1 signaling pathway.