TGFB1 and neoplasm: TGF-β interacts with other oncogenic pathways to maintain the mesenchymal phenotype of tumor cells by downregulating E-cadherin and upregulating mesenchymal genes.510 Smads, Ras, Rho, ERK MAPK, p38 MAPK, and Wnt signaling pathways have been implicated in the TGF-β-induced EMT.7 TGF-β activates transcriptional factors such as Snail and Slug to regulate EMT.511,512 Particularly, SNAIL could repress E-cadherin and activate the transcription of mesenchymal genes, such as vimentin and αSMA.