TGFB1 and cancer: These mutations may result in DNA repair defects and cancer predisposition, likely due to cellular escape from TGF-β-mediated growth surveillance.482–485 Loss-of-function mutations in TβRI have been observed in ovarian cancers, metastatic breast cancers, pancreatic carcinomas, and T-cell lymphomas.486–489 In addition, mutations in the TGF-β signaling components, such as Smad proteins mutations have been detected in several carcinomas.