Excessive activation of TGF-β also causes pulmonary and hepatic fibrosis by inducing EMT in alveolar epithelial cells and trans-differentiation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblasts, respectively.424,425 In addition, EMT may also contribute to TGF-β-induced cardiac fibrosis.426 Moreover, our recent data support the concept that TGF-β may promote the migration of either local resident MSCs or bone marrow MSCs to the injured tissues by local elevated levels of active TGF-β. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis.