Cooperation between Ras and TGF-β signaling is particularly important during EMT.209 In hepatocarcinoma cells, TGF-β induces both platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptors, which enhances PI3K and β-catenin signaling and promotes the survival and invasion of cancer cells.210 Enhanced PI3K signaling also activates Akt, which phosphorylates and activates Twist, promoting EMT.211. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.