In such a neoplasia, as well as in other tumors (i.e. teratoma, hepatocellular carcinoma), the pro-tumoral effect of IL-34 would be linked to the ability of the cytokine to promote the survival and the differentiation of type 2 macrophages [23, 25, 39, 40]. The gene discussed is IL34; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.