However, four- and five-marker biosignatures comprising unstimulated levels of IFN-γ, MIP-1β and TGF-α, and the antigen-specific levels of TGF-α, VEGF, IL-1ra and MIP-1β diagnosed TB disease with sensitivity up to 81.3% and specificity up to 82.7%, regardless of HIV infection status, depending on which biomarkers were used in combination but specificity was generally low when biosignatures were optimized for high sensitivity. This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and HIV infectious disease.