TGFB1 and Nematoda infectious disease: We also show that inactivation of PGRP-LE, which plays a key role in innate immunity by activating the Imd pathway, promotes the survival of D. melanogaster against symbiotic S. carpocapsae, whereas inactivation of Wgn (Jnk pathway) or Dpp (TGFβ pathway) genes promotes larval survival in response to axenic nematode infection.