TGFB1 and infection: In this study, we examined the regulation of PGRP-LE (Imd pathway), MyD88 (Toll pathway), Wgn (Jnk pathway), Dome (Jak/Stat pathway), Daw (Activin, TGFβ pathway), and Dpp (BMP, TGFβ pathway) genes in D. melanogaster larvae responding to infection with S. carpocapsae symbiotic or axenic nematodes.