Overexpression of TrxR1 and application of antioxidant NAC significantly reduced ROS and cell death in HNSCC cells co-treated with APR-246 and PARP-1 inhibitor (Figures 4, 6C and 6D, 7D and 7E), further supporting our notion that TrxR1 is a target of PARP-1 inhibitor PHEN. The gene discussed is PARP1; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.