However, based on the results of our study and the long-term trends and proven benefits of mass screening in the Western countries, we suggest that at least one nation-wide PSA-based mass screening at age>50 could be done in China to identify the potentially large number of asymptomatic patients and to reduce mortality caused by advanced prostate cancer and associated health care costs [21, 22]. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and Familial prostate cancer.