We have furthermore demonstrated lower expression of TLR4 in HPV+ OPSCC compared to HPV– OPSCC tumor tissue, as well as a lack of IL-6 and IL-8 expression in HPV+ cell lines after stimulation with both LPS and LPS-UP, inferring functional changes in the TLR4 signaling pathway of HPV+ disease. Here, CXCL8 is linked to neoplasm.