ACTN3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Nevertheless, given that loss of muscle mass increases risk of insulin resistance, a precursor to type-II diabetes (Srikanthan and Karlamangla, 2011), and that type-II diabetes itself increases the risk of sarcopenia (Park et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2010), it appears that ACTN3 genotype may modify type-II diabetes risk in the elderly.