Loss of the spatial and temporal TGF-β signaling results in several complications, including Camurati–Engelmann disease (CED)17,21, Loeys–Dietz syndrome22, Shprintzen–Goldberg syndrome23, Marfan syndrome24, osteogenesis imperfecta25, and osteoarthritis18. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cranioectodermal dysplasia.