To further confirm these findings, Flag-OPN or empty vector was transfected into RBE, HCCC9810, and HuH-28 cell lines and found that exogenous expression of OPN remarkably enhanced the growth (Supplementary Figure 2A and B), migration (Supplementary Figure 2C), and invasion (Supplementary Figure 2D) of ICC cells compared with the control. Here, SPP1 is linked to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.