In this context, MDM4 was found to suppress p53-mediated apoptosis during tumor progression36, and MDM2 was shown to promote retinoblastoma cell proliferation by upregulating MYCN translation independently of p53, proposing that high MDM2 expression in retinoblastoma may eliminate a need for genetic mutations in the p53 pathway37. Here, MDM2 is linked to retinoblastoma.