PolyI:C is an IFN-α inducer that, after multiple intraperitoneal injections (5 mg/kg body weight, twice per week for 16 weeks), elevates Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1-b-converting enzyme inhibitory protein L (FLIPL, an anti-apoptotic protein) in hepatic CD4+ T cells of C57Bl/6 mice, which contributes to the aggravation of portal area inflammation, as seen in human PBC [55, 56]. Here, CD4 is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.