Additionally, through the production of TGF-β, MSCs promote the expansion of immunosuppressive Tregs and M2 macrophages which in turn, in IL-10-dependent manner, inhibit activation of helper CD4+ T cells and suppress cytotoxicity of CD8+ T lymphocytes, NK, and NKT cells, resulting with the attenuation of PBC. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and primary biliary cholangitis.