IL1B and brain disorder: In peripheral tissues, increased IL-1 expression is tightly linked with macrophage activation during inflammation (23); in the CNS, neuroinflammation may not display the entire panoply of peripheral inflammation, e.g., swelling may not occur during neuroinflammation, but increased expression of IL-1 by brain tissue together with morphological changes in microglia appear to be a frequently observed phenomenon in both human neuropathology and animal models of brain diseases (16, 24–28).