TNF and brain edema: Moreover, findings from our studies have disclosed that activated Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signal pathways were implicated in the modulation of proinflammatory factors, such as MMPs, iterleukins and tumor necrosis factor, AQPs, tight junction proteins during course of brain edema induced 1,2-DCE poisoning (Sun et al., 2016a; Wang et al., 2017).