The most effective current cancer immunotherapies include ICI, such as anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4, ACT of ex vivo-expanded tumor-reactive T cells, either native (CTL clones or TIL) or engineered to express particular TCR or chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), and TSA-based cancer vaccines (peptide- or RNA-based) (84, 125–132). Here, CTLA4 is linked to cancer.