Both interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) are induced during cryptococcal infection in vitro (27, 28, 31–34) and in vivo (35–40) in a NLRP3-dependent manner, and internalization of opsonized encapsulated cryptococci has been shown to activate the canonical NLRP3–ASC–caspase-1 and non-canonical NLRP3–ASC–caspase-8 inflammasome (34, 41). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is cryptococcosis.