Both IL-1α and IL-1β can promote neutrophil migration (92–95), and diminished neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection due to IL-1R deficiency has been associated with increased susceptibility to several bacterial and fungal infections including Legionella pneumophila, Group B Streptococcus, Citrobacter rodentium, and Candida albicans (55, 96–100). Here, IL1R1 is linked to infection.