Considering the fact that pDC-IFN-α blockade therapeutics including anti-IFN-α antibody, anti-IFNAR, pDC inhibitors, and TLR9 antagonist are in clinical trials with promising results in lupus [97, 98], controlling the pDC-IFN-α axis may also have a beneficial effect for the treatment of IgA nephropathy. Here, TLR9 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.