Expression of TNFα, IFNγ, IL1β, TGFβ, IL6, CCL2 and CXCL1 mRNA significantly increased in HF and HFHI groups compared with control and HI groups at weeks 20 and 30 (Figure 4a–e,g,h); expression levels of TNFα mRNA were significantly higher in HFHI than that in HF group (Figure 4a). Here, TNF is linked to hydrops fetalis.