INS and diabetes mellitus: over-expression of miR-96 diminishes the exocytosis through increase in granuphilin expression and decrease in Noc2 level.36 Granuphilin negatively modifies exocytosis36 whereas Noc2 binds to Rab3 and ameliorates insulin secretion.38 Over-expression of miR-21 and miR-34a decreases insulin secretion by targeting VAMP2 and Rab3a.39,40 Additionally, miR-29a targets Syntaxin-1A and impairs the insulin secretion in glucose-dependent manner.41 Accordingly, miRNAs can regulate GSIS and contribute to the hyperglycemia seen in diabetes (Table 1).