HIF-1α and TGF-β1 promotes cell invasion and migration by inducing autophagy33,34 and let-7 activates radial migration of new-born neurons by enhancing autophagy35, whereas metformin enhances the autophagy levels and thus inhibits the migration of endothelial progenitor cells36 and autophagy induction impairs migration and invasion in glioblastoma cells56. Here, HIF1A is linked to glioblastoma.