HPR and infection: Studies on host genetic polymorphism show that tumor necrosis factor-α-308 A, HLA-G UTR-2, APOL1 N264K, and APOL1 G2 are associated with increased risk of infection or with disease progression, while IL10-592 A, IL64339, APOL1 G1, and other polymorphisms in HPR and APOL1 are associated with decreased risk of infection or with latent infection 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30.