Studies on host genetic polymorphism show that tumor necrosis factor-α-308 A, HLA-G UTR-2, APOL1 N264K, and APOL1 G2 are associated with increased risk of infection or with disease progression, while IL10-592 A, IL64339, APOL1 G1, and other polymorphisms in HPR and APOL1 are associated with decreased risk of infection or with latent infection 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Here, TNF is linked to infection.