TNF and bacterial infectious disease: For example, miR-155 was induced in macrophages after activation of different inflammatory pathways [41] whereas decreased expression of miR-125a/b has been associated to inflammatory response against bacterial infection by activating macrophages, which release effector molecules (e.g. reactive oxygen, nitrogen intermediates) and inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL1β, TNFα and IL6) [35, 42].