PTGS2 and neoplasm: Thalidomide has been found to produce antitumor effect via inducing tumor necrosis factor TNF-α degradation.[28] Recent studies have found that thalidomide inhibits tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting the secretion of fibroblast growth factor.[29] Thalidomide can inhibit tumor angiogenesis by inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression via targeting the VEGF promoter.[30] In addition, thalidomide reduces the synthesis of integrin subunits, inhibits cyclooxygenase-2, and reduces microvessel density within the tumor.