TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: When the effect of obesity was investigated using expression of specific genes, we observed that Leptin, PGR and VEGF expressions were significantly decreased in MCF-7 co-cultured with MA30 versus MCF-7 co-cultured with MA20 (Leptin: 0.09-fold, p<0.001; PGR: 0.27-fold, p = 0.05; VEGF: 0.48-fold, p<0.05, vs MA20) contrary to TNFα gene expression which was increased by MA30 (2.71-fold, p = 0.01) (Table 1, column A).