TGFB1 and glioma: Moreover, Komohara et al. demonstrated that glioma cell-derived factors, such as TGF-β and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF; alternative name colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)), promote the upregulation of several M2 markers (CD163 and CD204), and thereby actively contribute to the M2-like GAM polarization [73].