TGFB1 and neoplasm: A large amount of cytokines secreted by the TME and tumor cells are involved in this process, including interleukin (IL)-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, macrophage inhibition factor (MIF), and IL-1α [8, 11] (Fig. 1).