TLR4 and ischemia: However, CXCR4 is rarely observed in spinal microglial and astrocyte cells of sham rats [51, 52] and significantly increased in spinal microglial and astrocyte cells of ischemia-reperfusion-induced pain rats, further blocking CXCR4 changes in glial membrane receptor, such as TLR4, and inflammatory cytokine release [52], indicating the activation of rat spinal glial cells are associated with the CXCR4.