HMGA2 and cancer: Accordingly, embryonic stem cells and cancer cells have been reported to share a common gene expression pattern [28], and the expression of ESC markers (such as HMGA2, KLF4, NOTCH1, OCT3/4 and SOX9) that are known to play a key role in pluripotency, self-renewal [29–32], and cancer, is increased in many tumors [54–55].