CALR and neoplasm: Calreticulin is exposed in the outer layer of the plasma membrane upon irradiation and triggers tumor cell phagocytosis by DCs and increases susceptibility to T-cell-mediated lysis.23,58,59,119 Moreover, RT also induces expression of immune checkpoint ligands such as PD-L1 on tumor cells, which interferes with the effector functions of interacting T cells.4,31,47