LCN2 and chronic kidney disease: Since the use of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine due to their low predictive values have some shortcomings as the main biomarkers of CKD, new candidate biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) have been introduced for early diagnosis of CKD due to its ability to detect tissue damage rather than kidney dysfunction (Fassett et al., 2011[17]; Yim, 2015[39]).