LCN2 and chronic kidney disease: CKD is defined as decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) lower than 60 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or the presence of markers of renal damage in urine such as urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) (Marcuccilli and Chonchol, 2016[28]; Targher et al., 2014[35]).