LCN2 and chronic kidney disease: It seems that the overexpression of p-NF-κB and cleaved caspase-3 in CKD animals is in accordance with our observations about hypertrophy and apoptosis in the end stage kidneys which would have contributed to increased serum levels of NGAL and decreased clearance of creatinine (Brisco and Testani, 2014[10]; Khan and Pandey, 2014[25]).