Although we were unable to include a non-selective/pan-TNF-α inhibitor antibody as a comparator in our clinical trial, the observed effects of GSK1995057 on neutrophilic infiltration appear similar to the effects of the long-acting anti-TNF-α antibody adalimumab in the same model.40 Although neutrophil infiltration is a hallmark of ARDS pathophysiology, neutrophils are also likely to be important contributors to lung immunity, particularly in infectious causes of ARDS, and therefore the impact of therapies that modulate neutrophilia will need to be assessed carefully, in a stepwise manner. Here, TNF is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.