TNFRSF1A and pulmonary edema: When administered directly to the lungs of mice either concomitantly or after challenge with acid instillation or ventilation with large tidal volumes, murine TNFR1-targeting dAbs attenuate the development of pulmonary oedema, arterial hypoxaemia and inflammation.28 29 Here we present the first report of an inhaled variable heavy (VH) chain TNFR1 dAb antagonist (GSK1995057) administered directly to the lungs of cynomolgus monkeys and humans, and explore the underlying mechanism of action using in vitro human tissue assays.