PPIG and epilepsy: Maroso et al. [8] found that, in the acute and chronic epilepsy model of adult mice, injecting HMGB1 into the hippocampus of mice significantly increased the duration of seizures and shortened seizure latency, whereas injecting HMGB1 antagonist (BoxA) or TLR4 antagonist (Lps-Rs and Cyp) significantly inhibited the occurrence of acute and chronic seizures.