HMGB1 and cerebral cortical dysplasia: Zurolo et al. [9] found that in the lesion tissue of focal cortical dysplasia, cortical tubers of tuberous sclerosis, and ganglion glioma, TLR4 expression in the neurons and astrocytes is higher than that in normal human autopsy tissues and HMGB1 is significantly expressed in astrocyte cytoplasm.