CXCL12 and prostate carcinoma: Similar to the functions of CXCR4-CXCL12 in PDAC, prostate cancer cells express high levels of CXCR4 and CXCL12 and utilize the same signaling pathways described above to modulate their proliferation, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and metastasis (see review in [95, 96]).