TLR4 and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: However, under circumstances of an upregulated inflammation, the TLR4 activation results in the excessive production of the pro-inflammatory mediators [9] leading to overstimulation of the innate immune system and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) which eventually results in a life-threatening sepsis syndrome and lethal septic shock [10–11] (the 10th leading cause of death in developed countries, 40–60% mortality rate) [12–13].