LPA and coronary artery disorder: For example, individuals in the top fifth of Lp(a) levels [and similarly in individuals in the fifth with smallest apo(a) isoform size] have shown a 2-fold higher risk of coronary heart disease compared with those in the bottom fifth of Lp(a) levels [or largest apo(a) isoform size] and, overall, about a 40% higher risk of incident cardiovascular disease per 1 SD higher Lp(a) level (SD = 32 mg/dl) (7, 80–83).