LPA and chronic kidney disease: Designing clinical trials in populations with high Lp(a) levels, irrespective of CKD, would be beneficial when assessing the impact of Lp(a) lowering on cardiovascular events, because previous studies have shown increases in cardiovascular risk are mostly limited to individuals in the top one- to two-fifths of Lp(a) levels and are particularly associated with Lp(a) levels above 50 mg/dl (5).