The 4D study of 1,255 hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes reported no association of higher ln Lp(a) levels or small apo(a) isoforms with combined cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97–1.11; P = 0.30); however, significant associations of Lp(a) levels with all-cause mortality and fatal infections were reported overall, and particularly in patients ≤66 years of age (99). Here, LPA is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.