Lp(a) concentrations were significantly higher in those with renal disease when compared with 227 age-, gender-, and apo(a) phenotype-matched Caucasian controls [creatinine of 2.02 mg/dl (SD 1.16) in patients with CKD versus 0.99 mg/dl (SD 0.18) in controls] even when the GFR was not yet abnormal (i.e., GFR >90 ml/min/1.73 m2). This evidence concerns the gene LPA and kidney disorder.