Further studies on the interactions of UL23 with Nmi and the effects of these interactions on Nmi-associated proteins will provide insight into the mechanism of how Nmi and its mediated immune responses play a role in combatting viral infections in a host and how viruses such as HCMV develop novel strategies to escape from or counteract against these immune responses including those Nmi-mediated IFN-γ responses. Here, IFNG is linked to viral infectious disease.