The underlying immunological mechanisms are just starting to be unveiled and include reduced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1β, and IFN-γ by in vitro infected alveolar macrophages (53), decreased number of DCs (54, 55), and compromised recruitment of IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells to the lung, thus weakening the formation of granuloma (56). Here, TNF is linked to Granuloma.