Two studies from South Africa noted that HIV vacuolar myelopathy was found in 1–6% of patients; diagnosis was based on low CD4+ T-cell count, high HIV viral load, MRI that showed hyper-intense signals on T2 signal intensity in the dorsal and lateral columns, and exclusion of other causes of myelopathy (22, 23). The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is Myelopathy.