TNF and mastitis: In addition, bergenin prevented the production of Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) while up-regulated Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) in the peripheral blood of mice with adjuvant-induced arthritis (Nazir et al., 2007); bergenin reduced the expressions of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in mammary glands of mice with LPS-induced mastitis by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways (Gao et al., 2015); bergenin had a therapeutic effect on LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB activation (Yang et al., 2017).