ALCAM and urinary bladder carcinoma: Studies have shown that serum ALCAM levels significantly increased in patients with breast cancer and can be used as a prognostic and predictive indicator (Al-Shehri and Abd El Azeem, 2015); the expression level of ALCAM in the urine of patients with bladder cancer can be used as a prognostic marker for survival (Egloff et al., 2016).