Interestingly, however, PTX3 expression increases in cultured RPE stimulated with inflammatory cytokines29,30 or peroxidated lipids (i.e., 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE), and genetic deficiency of PTX3 magnifies complement activation in an animal model of AMD, with increased C3a and IL-1β levels in the RPE, and enhanced accumulation of macrophages in the choroid31. Here, PTX3 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.