IL18 and HIV-1 infection: Many studies have previously reported a correlation between the observed increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α; and IFN inducible chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 during the course of HIV-1 infection and the up regulation of HIV-1 replication [19, 54–59].