BRAF and melanoma: For example, expression of BRAF V600E combined with PTEN loss induced the progression of melanoma by activating PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway [8], and combined treatment with rapamycin and PD325901 led to shrinkage of observed melanomas, while Geoffery et al put forward that BRAF mutation cooperates with NF1 loss to drive melanoma development through the abrogation of oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) [9].