SEMA3A and Thrombophlebitis: Since early inflammatory signs of HO usually mimic other clinical conditions such as thrombophlebitis and cellulitis, and the maturation of HO formation varies among patients with CNS injury, our current findings provide novel insight in studying the role of SEMA3A as a biomarker in the early diagnosis and evaluation of maturation and treatment efficacy of neurogenic HO, and merit further comprehensive investigation.