A most recent study reported that TLR5 mRNA expression was increased in placenta with chorioamnionitis.(12) Moreover, the present study demonstrated that TLR5 protein expression was increased and showed a trend toward an increase, in the amnion and chorion respectively, i.e., the fetal membrane, and not affected in the decidua and villi with preterm HCA. The gene discussed is TLR5; the disease is chorioamnionitis.