AKT1 and colonic neoplasm: It is also noteworthy that the Nrf2 activation in cancer cells can contribute to the resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs.(89) Accordingly, we have more recently demonstrated that BITC activates not only the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 survival pathway,(66) but also the PI3K/autophagy/Nrf2 cytoprotection pathway in human colon cancer cells.(55) Therefore, further studies not only on the more precise molecular targets for ITCs, but also on the optimization of their dose or dose scheme for clinical studies are essential.