TNF and infection: Accordingly, in a leukopenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, expression of TNFα, GM-CSF, IL-1β, and IL-10, and secretion of TNFα and GM-CSF, was significantly increased following adenovirus mediated Dectin-1 upregulation in lung tissue resulting in increased neutrophil recruitment into the lungs, lower fungal burden, and a higher survival rate in response to intratracheal infection with 3 × 105A.