TNF and infection: Concordant with a role for mature hyphal morphotypes in prompting host responses, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, applied to papilloma virus-immortalised HBECs, revealed a time-dependent increase in Dectin-1 cell surface expression peaking at 24 h post-infection and correlating with transcriptional upregulation of TNFα, IL-8, HBD-2, and HBD-9, an effect which could be abrogated by pre-incubation with an anti-Dectin-1 antibody [36].